All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are off-road vehicles often used for recreation. In most states, it's legal for older kids and teens to ride them, even without a driver's license. But with the thrills come major safety risks.

ATVs can be unstable and hard to control, particularly at high speeds. Rollovers and collisions happen often, and some of these are fatal. Injuries from riding ATVs are common too and can mean an emergency-room visit. As a result, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) discourages kids and teens ages 16 or younger from driving or riding on ATVs.

If you decide to let your child ride an ATV, make sure he or she follows safety precautions and understands how to safely operate the vehicle. While this helps to reduce the risk of injury or death, the only way to truly keep kids safe is to prevent them from riding ATVs.

What Are ATVs?

ATVs are motorized vehicles that are meant to be used off-road or on dirt roads, not on paved roads or highways. They usually have four large balloon-style tires, with a seat in the middle that a rider straddles while steering by the handlebars. There are still some three-wheeler ATVs around, but manufacturers stopped making them in 1988 due to concerns about stability and safety.

Weighing more than 600 pounds, ATVs have large, powerful engines that allow them to reach speeds of 65 mph or more. They have a high center of gravity and no roll bars, safety cages, or seatbelts, meaning they can tip easily, throw riders and passengers off, or even roll over on top of riders. This can cause serious injury or death, usually because of head injuries. Other common injuries include cuts, scrapes, broken collarbones, and broken arms and legs.

Who Can Ride (and Who Shouldn't)

There are no federal regulations or age limits when it comes to riding ATVs. Instead, each state has its own guidelines and laws. Some states require ATV riders to be 16 years old and have a safety certificate. Other states allow kids as young as 10 to ride ATVs as long as they're supervised by an adult with a valid driver's license.

The AAP does not recommend ATV use for children and teens 16 or younger. ATVs can be too large for smaller kids to handle safely, even if it's legal for them to be riding them. Safely operating an ATV requires the driver to make quick decisions, such as speeding up, slowing down, or shifting his or her weight in response to changes in the environment. Kids under 16 are unlikely to be able to make these choices or have the skills to carry them out.

If your child does ride an ATV, make sure you understand and follow the rules of your state. Visit the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) online for this information. This applies even if your child won't be steering the ATV. Many states don't allow passengers to ride unless the ATV is specifically designed to carry two people.

Safety Guidelines

Kids age 16 and younger should not ride an ATV.

Anyone who does ride an ATV should follow these tips before and during riding:

• Take a safety training course to learn how to operate an ATV safely, and only ride an ATV that's right for your size and age. Visit the ATV Safety Institute's website for information.
• Always wear an approved helmet and eye protection. In many states, helmets and eye protection are required by law, particularly for kids.
• Wear long pants, long sleeves, gloves, and over-the-ankle boots to help prevent scrapes and cuts.
• Only ride during daylight hours.
• Always ride at a safe speed on a designated ATV trail.
• Know basic first aid to treat minor injuries, and be able to get help in an emergency.

It's important to never do the following while riding an ATV:

• Never ride on a three-wheel ATV.
• Never ride while drinking alcohol or using drugs.
• Never ride on paved surfaces or public roads (except to cross them).
• Never exceed the number of passengers recommended by the manufacturer.
• Never let kids and teens drive an ATV with a passenger.

ATV riding will always be risky — and because they're fun, many kids and teens will want to try them. There are no guarantees that kids won't get hurt, even with precautions and protective laws in place. But by making sure that riders follow safety rules and know how to use ATVs safely, parents can do their best to help protect them from being injured.