Spleen & Lymphatic System

Overview

What Are the Spleen and Lymphatic System?

The spleen is located in the upper left part of the belly under the ribcage. It helps protect the body by clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies (such as germs) from the bloodstream.

The spleen is part of the lymphatic system, which is an extensive drainage network. The lymphatic (lim-FAT-ik) system works to keep body fluid levels in balance and to defend the body against infections. It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains proteins, salts, and other substances — throughout the body.

What Does the Spleen Do?

The spleen acts as a filter. It weeds out old and damaged cells and helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate in the body.

The spleen also helps get rid of germs. It contains white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages. These cells work to attack and destroy germs and remove them from the blood that passes through the spleen.

The body also uses the spleen as a place to store blood and iron for future use.

What Does the Lymphatic System Do?

One of the lymphatic system's major jobs is to collect extra lymph fluid from body tissues and return it to the blood. This is important because water, proteins, and other substances are always leaking out of tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding body tissues. If the lymphatic system didn't drain the excess fluid, the lymph fluid would build up in the body's tissues, making them swell.

The lymphatic system is a network of very small tubes (or vessels) that drain lymph fluid from all over the body. The major parts of the lymph tissue are located in the:

• bone marrow
• spleen
• thymus gland
• lymph nodes
• tonsils

The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue.

The major lymphatic vessels are:

• Thoracic duct: It begins near the lower part of the spine and collects lymph from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower chest. The thoracic duct runs up through the chest and empties into the blood through a large vein near the left side of the neck.
• Right lymphatic duct: It collects lymph from the right side of the neck, chest, and arm, and empties into a large vein near the right side of the neck.

The lymphatic system also helps defend the body against germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) that can cause illnesses. Those germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes, small clumps of tissue along the network of lymph vessels. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. B cells make antibodies — special proteins that stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them.

Most of our lymph nodes are in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area. They're also found along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter the blood.

When a person has an infection, germs collect in the lymph nodes. If the throat is infected, for example, the lymph nodes in the neck may swell. That's why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometimes called swollen "glands") in the neck when someone has a sore throat. This is called lymphadenopathy.

What Problems Can Happen With the Spleen?

Spleen Injuries

A blow or blunt trauma to the abdomen can injure the spleen, causing it to tear ("lacerate") or be bruised. Doctors grade spleen lacerations on a scale from 1–5, where 1 is the least severe and 5 is the most severe.

In the past, doctors often did a surgery called splenectomy (splih-NEK-tuh-mee) to remove an injured spleen. But most spleen bruises and lacerations heal with lots of rest and limiting physical activity. Because it's so important to preventing infections, doctors will do all they can to help an injured spleen heal without removing it.

Diseases That Affect the Spleen

Some diseases can affect the spleen. For example, sickle cell disease damages the spleen early in childhood and it soon stops working. So people with sickle cell disease need extra protection from the germs that the spleen normally filters out.

When someone has infectious mononucleosis or mono, their spleen can get larger than usual. A spleen that is bigger than it should be is more likely to be injured. So someone who has mono needs to avoid contact sports until their spleen is back to normal size.